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ADDRESS 



DELIVERED BEFORE TOE 



VERMONT STATE 



<SD 



griniltiwl fu\t\\ 



WOOL GROWERS' ASSOCIATION, 

AT ITS ANNUAL FAIK, AT BUELDTGTON, 

Tbwsxlag:, Sspt 16th, 1869, 



HON. LUKE P. POLAND. 




MONTPELIER : 
POLANDS' STEAM PRINTING ESTABLISHMENT, 

Journal Building, State Street. 

1869. 



ADDRESS. 



Mr. President: 

People sometimes have the idea, that a man who can speak at 
all, can discourse upon any and every subject as he may please. 

The ancients, indeed, regarded knowledge as a part of the art 
of oratory. " The orator," said they, " must know everything." 
When knowledge was merely speculative, when it could not be 
put to the severe test of practice, that was comparatively easy. 
And yet, even then, this theory sometimes involved the orator in 
the awkward necessity of confronting his speculations with other 
men's practice. As, for example, when a Greek orator chanced 
to discourse to a popular assemblage on the art of war, his hear- 
ers wondered where he could' have picked up so much upon a sub- 
ject with which he had had no opportunity of becoming conversant ; 
how he could speak so learnedly of camps and weapons and ma- 
noeuvres. But there chanced to be " a chiel aniang them takin' 
notes," one who was something more than an amateur in this 
department. It was the Carthagenian, Hannibal, who, being 
asked what he thought of the orator, replied, " that man knows 
no more of the art of war than a child." 

And I am, to-day, addressing an assembly, not where a single 
Hannibal will test my knowledge of the subject. 1 am address- 
ing an assembly of Hannibals ; of men who, upon these hills, and 
along these valleys of our own Vermont, have been trained to 



turn up the furrows of peace, instead of war, to handle the scythe 
and the sickle, instead of the sword, and to ride the harvest wagon 
afield, instead of the lumbering cannon ; though many of them, 
'tis true, have of late been taught familiarity with the husbandry 
of war, as well as of peace, have left drops of their own life- 
blood to enrich the soil of the foe, and will wear to their graves 
an ineffaceable record of " honorable scars." It may be, how- 
ever, that I shall be permitted to discuss aspects of the subject 
with reference to which all intelligent citizens have some thoughts, 
and that what I shall say may lie neither discreditable to myself 
nor unprofitable to you. 

The subject of my address will be : The relation of Science to 
Agriculture, and of Agriculture to the State. 

Agriculture, or perhaps more properly speaking, horticulture, 
is the oldest of all arts ; an art of which it may reverently be 
said, that it came from heaven, — was in some genuine sense an 
inspiration. If Adam had had a coat-of-arms, it probably would 
have embraced implements of husbandry — a shovel, a rake, and ;i 
hoe. For before the fall, work was held in honor. There were 
no sinecures, no higher classes, no drones. 

" When Adam delvea and Eve span, 
Who was then the gentleman ?" 

The tilling of the soil was the only art antecedent to the apos- 
tasy ; agriculture was the only pursuit. We hear of no profes- 
sional classes until after the advent of a certain supremacy into 
Eden — dare we say it ? Thence sprung tailors, doctors, lawyers, 
and even ministers. They came to mend, the ruin which this 
interloper had wickedly made. 

By his fall, Adam may have lost all knowledge of the art. At 
all events he lost the only perfect theatre for applying it which the 
earth ever produced. For thenceforth it became its office to bring 
forth, not as Milton has written : 



" Groves whose rich trees wept odorous gums and balm, 
Others whose fruit burnished with golden rind, 
Hung amiable, (Hesperian fables true, 
If true, here only) , and of delicious taste : 
Betwixt them lawns, or level downs, and flocks 
Grazing the tender herb, were interposed, 
Or palmy hillock ; or the flowery lap 
Of some irriguous valley spread her store, 
Flowers of all hue, and without thorn the rose :" 

but thorns and thistles, to be eradicated only with the mattock or 
the hoe ; it was a soil already preoccupied with products inimical 
to man and his wants, and to be brought into subjection only by the 
most diligent and patient exertion " in the sweat of his brow.'' 
Naturally enough, men sought to evade the pressure of this des- 
tiny — securing means of livelihood in pursuits on which the primal 
curse seemed to rest more lightly, but finding their level at last 
only in the condition and habits of the savage. 

You come to-day from your homes, from the soil that you own, 
consecrated perhaps by the toil and sweat of your fathers ; where 
the farm-house shines white by day, and, starlike, beams bright 
with industry's lamp by night ; and where the great barns cluster, 
with their yawning doors, and their yards at times populous with 
flocks and "herds ; over whose broad acres all summer you write 
out your thoughts and plans as on the pages of a book that you 
bind up and store away in the autumn for winter's rumination. 
You arc the landholders of Vermont. You hold your farms in 
fee simple. They are crown lands, which can not be alienated. 
You are sovereigns in your own right. These acres are just as 
much yours as the air that you, and your children, and your cattle 
breathe, or the light and heat that minister to your crops. And 
yet, this was not always so. Property in land, possession of land, 
was once a thing unknown. In the savage state, man hunted and 
fished for a living. He lived upon the life that hunted through 
the forest, cut the air upon wing, or darted through the waters. 
By his agility he took his prey, by his craft he snared it. It be- 



came his by right of conquest, by the assertion of his power over 
it. With him " might made right." He took captives in war, 
and made them his slaves. His right to them was founded on the 
same principle as his right in the products of the chase. The 
idea that land could be owned, seems to have been too abstract 
for his mind ; wholly inconsistent, too, with his nomadic habits of 
life. Besides, why should he wish to own what he did not use ? 
He did not cultivate land, why should he appropriate it? The 
two ideas, conquest and use, seemed to be the foundation of his 
conception of property ; and neither of them related to land. 
His wigwam occupied the land, jnst as his canoe occupied the 
water. When he went to other hunting grounds, or fishing grounds, 
he left both as free to new comers as the air around them. He 
owned only what he had laid his hands on and subjected to his 
own personal uses — the deer he shot, the fish he caught, the fowl 
he snared. He had not learned that the land can be subdued, as 
well as the inferior animals ; that the plow and the spade have 
their victories, as well as the bow, the arrow, and the tomahawk ; 
that he could make captives of the elements, make the winds and 
the waters his ministers, and the earth open her hidden treasure- 
house for the supply of his necessities. But even in those prolific 
solitudes, where was needed no modern legislation to protect the 
winged and finny tribes, where no deer-stalker ever plied his dan- 
gerous trade, the vicissitudes of the chase sometimes left the wild 
huntsman without his food. And as the demands of nature were 
regular and inexorable ; as the hungry man must eat, notwithstand- 
ing his savage stoicism, it became necessary to provide a regular 
source of supply. The obvious relief from this dilemma, (there 
were no soup committees in those days,) was the taming and rais- 
ing of such wild animals as were found capable of domestication. 
Thus the savage, the wanderer, the mighty hunter, became the 
shepherd. This is the first step in the progress of civilization. 



And in order to domesticate animals, man must first, in some 
measure, domesticate himself; have a home, a domicile for the 
time being ; shifting his domicile with the varying wants of his 
Hocks and herds. Here is an advanced idea of property ; that 
authority and right acquired by skill in taming, by care in raising. 
To his original inventory, the fruits of the chase, the savage 
now added his herds, the scanty crops, too, that, for their sake* 
lie begins to teach the reluctant earth to yield to his rude hus- 
bandry, a few simple implements of household convenience and 
agricultural use, the weapons that he fashions with his own hand 
from wood and stone. He thus begins to hold, as his own, what 
he has not in immediate and constant use. And yet, the tenure 
of such property was exceedingly slight, for even under the old 
Roman law, a single year of possession was all that was necessary 
to complete the prescriptive right to movable property, and the 
lack of possession for the same time was full evidence of a lack 
of title. Thus we see that the development of the idea of prop- 
erty keeps pace with the progress of civilization ; indeed, without 
it, civilization itself would be impossible. For civilization is 
founded upon that division of -life and of labor which affords en- 
couragement and reward to individuals ; that gives every man his 
own, or proper compensation for it. Thus we see in the savage 
the germ of that passion which has beautified the earth with cities ; 
which has beautified cities with works of art ; for it is the posses- 
sion of property, the pursuit of wealth, which brings men into 
large towns ; it is success in this pursuit which makes them able 
to purchase works of art. But as yet, the savage finds no special 
value in land. Ceres, Earth's daughter, whom the ancient my- 
thology made the mother of Plutus, the god of wealth, he de- 
spises. Land has no substantial value — is not an object of desire. 
Nature's domain is so wide, his habits are so nomadic, that he 
readily finds forage and pasturage, as he folds up his light tent 



and moves from place to place, like the untamed Arab, his per- 
petual type. Not until that stage of civilization had been reached 
when he was content to lay aside his wandering habits and pur- 
suits and become the citizen, was the idea of property in land 
fully developed ; and even then, the title was for a long time 
somewhat incomplete. The right to transfer the title in movable 
property was early recognized. Traffic and commerce depended 
on it ; necessitated it. And it was an easy step from the right to 
use and control, to the right to deprive one's self of use and con- 
trol. But the right to alienate land, immovable property, came 
more tardily, and still later the right to dispose of it by will. 
Solon, the great Athenian lawgiver, first recognized this right, but 
only in the case of persons dying childless. And for a long pe- 
riod, land which had descended from an ancestor could not be 
totally alienated by the owner, except to procure the necessities 
of life, and even then the right of preemption remained in the 
lawful heir. From this, the step was easy and natural to the 
unrestricted right, to alienate landed property. Until then, no 
man was the unconditional proprietor of his own lands. 

I have thus traced man's development from the state of the 
untutored savage to that of the husbandman, because it is in itself 
a progress not without instruction and interest ; instructive, since 
it compels us to recognize the obligations which past ages have 
placed upon us ; interesting, because it involves the slow develop- 
ment of the law of property. I say, law of property, for though 
it is the custom to ridicule law and law's representatives, without 
it not one of you could have fee simple in your well tilled acres. 
Without law there would be no government, no society. Industry 
would be fruitless. Law alone gives you security in the enjoy- 
ment of the products of your labor. Without it there could be 
no such thing as wealth ; for who would sow, that another might 
reap ? Law spreads its aegis of protection over your farms, makes 



9 



thrift possible, and accumulation sure. And yet law is not re- 
sponsible for poverty, as some superficial political economists 
would have us believe. Poverty is the primitive condition of the 
race. To use Shakspeare's line, man is " steeped in poverty to 
the very lips." And although it is beyond the power of law to 
make an equal distribution of property, to lift up the low and 
cast down the high, to make the crooked straight and the rough 
places plain, yet, without law, property itself would be impossible, 
destitution and misery would be universal, social anarchy would 
inevitably prevail. 

We have now succeeded in making a farmer of our savage. 
At the outset, we shall hardly expect him to display any great 
proficiency or skill in his new field of labor. The wise man of 
old sent the sluggard to the ant for lessons of industry- And in 
the same vein, Pope suggests to man : 

" The art of building, from the bee receive, 
Learn.of the moth to plow, the worm to weave, 
Learn of the little nautilus to sail, 
Spread her thin oar, and catch the driving gale." 

To no inconsiderable extent, the tilling of the soil was at the 
first the work of woman. Man tried to shift his part of the curse 
of Eden upon feminine shoulders — keeping up the pleasures of 
the forest, while woman was eating her bread in the sweat of her 
brow. But this husbandwoman, (if I may be allowed so contra- 
dictory a compound,) scarcely more than lacerated the soil with 
the shoulder-blade of the moose, or the knotted stick. And yet, 
in the course of time, the two best cultivated countries in the 
world owed their fertility to the labor of women. While Osiris 
was dictating laws to the Egyptians, Isis, his wife, was giving 
them precepts in agriculture ; and the highest honor that the 
Greeks could bestow on the Queen of Sicily, was to make her the 
goddess of the harvest. Lift the veil of fiction from such names 
as Flora, Pomona, Ceres, and we should probably find that the 



10 

bearers of them had rendered tlieir country distinguished services 
in the cultivation of the earth. 

Classic literature affords us glimpses of the condition of agri- 
culture in the best days of Greece and Rome. After the famous 
retreat of the Ten Thousand, that wonderful captain and histo- 
rian, Xenophon, returned to the solitude of rural life, and col- 
lected a volume of maxims on the management of the farm, which 
furnishes valuable information even to the intelligent farmer of 
the nineteenth century. Virgil, too, takes no loftier theme than 
this for the Georgics, throwing the charm of poetry over rural 
pursuits, and so dignifying the art of agriculture, that, as some 
one has said, he makes his husbandman toss even the dung with 
the air of a prince. Horace, too, epicure and tippler as he was, 
was also an amateur farmer, and writes both elegantly and sensi- 
bly of the practical duties of his calling. Indeed, these old fel- 
lows, even in their day and generation, seem to have understood 
about all the general principles recognized by the practical farmer 
of to-day ; such as rotation of crops, surface drainage, compost- 
ing of manures, irrigation, and improvement of stock. In the 
literal sense, they were practical farmers. They knew nothing 
indeed of the philosophy of these pursuits. They followed certain 
rules, because repeated trials had proved their value. It was 
largely a matter of tradition with them. 

So, until the present century, has it been all over the world. 
And, with some, it is an open question to-day, whether practical 
farming, based upon observation and experience, is not the wiser 
kind ; whether books and schools ever will raise up a generation 
of farmers superior to the fathers. Into the lips of his " Old 
Pennsylvania farmer," Bayard Taylor puts these words : 

" If father 'd lived I'd like to know what he would say to these 
New notions of the younger men who farm by chemistries. 
There's different stock and other grapes, there's patent plow and cart ; 
Five hundred dollars for a bull ! it would have broke his heart." 



11 , 

Learning, indeed, never can take the place of common sense ; 
never can be any compensation for lack of brains. Men sometimes 
find their way to the bar, and into the pulpit, and the practice of 
medicine, who fail at their business, not from want of book knowl- 
edge, but from the absence of something more elemental, which 
schools and colleges can not undertake to impart. And so, doubt- 
less, the books on science are not to be blamed if the scientific 
farmer sometimes fails. It is the proper blending of science and 
practice, of theory and traditional knowledge, that makes the 
most successful farmer. Speculation alone leads into extravagant 
vagaries, which experience and observation will avoid. It takes 
a practical farmer to pick out the science that is valuable to him. 
Some wise man among the ancients said, " That man is the 
greatest benefactor of his race, who makes two blades of grass 
grow where one grew before." And Dean Swift, without hinting 
at obligations, has put the same sentiment into the mouth of that 
stupendous figment of his fertile imagination, the King of the Brob- 
dingnags. But no one suspected that this coming benefactor was 
the visionary chemist, then at work among his retorts and gallipots 
in his dingy laboratory. Science was busy with greater problems 
than this. Should she abandon her search for the philosopher's 
stone to test the qualities of guano ? Should she desecrate her 
crucible, never profaned by less royal substances than the sup- 
posed constituents of gold and precious stones, by admitting the 
ingredients of composts ? Should she leave her research among 
the stars, her casting of horoscopes for men and nations, and come 
down to the discovery of the best methods of tilling mother earth ? 
It is indeed a singular phenomenon, that man's earliest applica- 
tion of thought to physical subjects had to do with infinite space ; 
that astronomy was of earlier birth than geography ; that the 
heavens were charted and mapped long before the earth and sea. 
But the unscientific man rejoiced in the light of Arcturus, no less 



12 



than he who could locate him in the heavens. Early science 
tended toward simple speculation ; later science has been occu- 
pied with more practical questions ; has learned that the husband- 
man is the divinit) T -called agent through which the world is to be 
blessed. She has therefore abandoned her old search for tinsel 
and gewgaws. It is indeed her crowning glory, that by a sort of 
subtle alchemy she can metamorphose the excrement of tropical 
birds into heavily waving verdure, the solid rocks into oats, and 
barley and wheat, and the dry bones of the valleys into esculent 
roots ; that she can change the sterile plain into the fruitful field ; 
stagnant fens and miasmatic bog-holes (where the will o' the wisp 
allures the benighted traveler) into the level lawn and undulating 
mead. At first view, it does seem strange, that man should have 
well nigh exhausted the resources of invention in other depart- 
ments before he turned his attention to the development of the 
forces of nature, which the God of nature had hidden in the earth 
all around him ; before he sought to relieve himself of that phys- 
ical servitude to which the fall had made him subject. It required 
only a genius for invention, the touch of that Ithuriel spear, to 
bring nature's secrets to the light. 

Reapers and mowers, threshers and pitchers, were still made 
up of living human muscle and brawn, only because mind had 
not yet asserted itself over the department of matter. Now, 
through the brilliant achievements of modern inventors, through 
the application of modern science, men make, not simply two, but 
two score blades of grass grow where one grew before. The 
muscle of the horse is put in the stead of the muscle of man ; and 
intellect occupies the seat of the reaper and the mower. But the 
tillers of the soil were not ordinarily men of disciplined and in- 
quisitive minds. Invention first confined itself to the mechanic 
arts. Mechanics felt the necessities and limitations of their own 
department of labor, and hastened to remove them. But when 



13 



inventions became profitable, when the patentee found his lap full 
of gold, then inventive efforts were stimulated in all directions, 
and the mechanic felt the limitations and inconveniences of the 
agriculturalist also. 

It was precisely so, too, with regard to scientific farming. If 
farming is a science, then the man who prosecutes it the most 
scientifically, with most of true philosophy, will prosecute it most 
profitably ; this was the argument. Every intelligent farmer 
knows that there are certain conditions essential to the growth and 
maturity of each crop. Science, alone, can precisely determine 
these conditions. Every intelligent farmer knows that in a high 
latitude he must select a warm soil for his corn. Science tells 
him that this plant adds to its growth only three grains daily 
when the soil is twenty degrees above freezing point, while it adds 
twelve grains, or four times as much, daily, when the temperature 
of the soil is twenty degrees higher ; or that the rapidity of its 
growth is as the square of the increase of the temperature of the 
soil. The scientific farmer selects the southern slope, because he 
knows that upon a given area it will receive a greater number of 
solar rays than the northern, or than a dead level. His philoso- 
phy teaches him that if he scatter upon the surface of the soil, 
charcoal dust, or muck, or some other dark substance, he will 
increase its power of absorption ; or that he may raise the tem- 
perature of the soil by thorough under-drainage. Science informs 
him that the vaporization of water requires one thousand times as 
much heat as would be needed to raise the temperature of soil a 
single degree ; or, to put the statement into a more concrete form, 
that the vaporization of one pound of water from one hundred 
pounds of saturated earth, causes a loss of ten degrees of heat. 
He learns, too, that wheat will not germinate in a soil below 
forty-five degrees or above ninety-five degrees, and that corn 
requires ten degrees more heat than wheat. In the selection of 



14 



soils, too, it is a law, as unalterable as that of the Medea and 
Persians, " which altereth not," that different plants require dif- 
ferent kinds of food. This requisition is absolute, and can not, 
as in the demands of annual growth, be replaced by any substi- 
tute. Lack of phosphoric acid and ammonia insures a shriveled 
kernel of wheat, and the negligent husbandman finds in autumn 
that the expected crop " has mocked him with empty ears." If 
there be lack of silex, the crop will, in popular phrase, be "struck 
with rust." Clover, pease and beans demand lime, and the in- 
telligent farmer feeds them with plaster. Raspberries and black- 
berries have an appetite for potash, and spring up on ground 
recently burned over, or cling to walls beneath which the earth 
is fed by the crumbling stone decomposed by the elements. These 
are instincts of nature which can not safely be neglected or 
despised. 

Entomology, the natural history of insects, also deserves the 
husbandman's study. He should know what insects are his 
friends, and what arc his foes ; which destroy the growing crop, 
and which wage war against hostile insects. "With respect .to 
birds, there is also no little misapprehension. They are espe- 
cially the husbandman's benefactors. The sparrow, though his 
reputation has suffered somewhat in that rhythmical chronicle of 
" Mother Goose," whose recital never fails to bring moisture to 
the eyes of childhood, (I mean the murder of Cock Robin,) main- 
tains his character for destructiveness by his merciless and unceas- 
ing onslaught upon caterpillars and the like. It has been found, 
by the actual count of the curious, that two of these birds have 
carried to their nests forty caterpillars in a single hour. But the 
capacity of the robin for this species of warfare is still more 
marvellous. And by way of parenthesis, may I not suggest this 
as the probable casus belli which resulted so disastrously to the 
long mourned and much lamented Cock Robin. A curious in- 



15 



quirer caught a robin scarcely half grown, weighing but twenty- 
four pennyweights, and found, by actual observation, that he ate 
sixty-eight worms, weighing thirty-four pennyweights, in twelve 
hours ; thus consuming forty-one per cent, more than his own 
weight, and came off as brisk as ever, with only four pennyweights 
added to his own avoirdupois. And it is estimated from these 
data that a pair of old robins with four birdlings will consume 
two hundred, and fifty worms per day ; that is, each parent bird 
procuring a worm every five minutes to supply family necessities. 
The sage crow, likewise, (upon whose head wise legislators have 
sometimes, but to so little purpose, set a premium,) is said to eat 
five hundred grubs to a single kernel of corn. Thus the premiums 
offered, and the scarecrows set up, are really for the protection of 
grubs ! I believe in fact that, without exception, birds of our 
latitude lay mankind under similar obligation, and are really en- 
titled to gratitude and protection, instead of being ruthlessly 
robbed by wanton boys or shot by ignorant men. 

But intelligent farming, farming that is really scientific, is also 
a source of mental culture. From a mere physical drudgery, it 
is thus converted into a work of intellectual growth and develop- 
ment. Make the boys feel this, and they will stay at home. It 
will take the monotony out of farm work. It will ennoble it. 
If you can not show a lad that there is something to farming 
beside development of mere brawn and muscle, you need not 
wonder if he grows restless and wants to escape to the machine- 
shop, or to the excitement of traffic. But show him that there is 
philosophy in farming ; that there is scope enough to develop all 
his faculties, mental and moral, as well as physical, and the gold 
regions of California and the broad prairies of the "West will have 
fewer attractions for him. Vermont can not afford to suffer the 
most enterprising of her sons to desert her green hills, needful 
as they are to leaven unborn States with the industry, frugality 



16 

and independence which here have their native region. It is time 
that our hillsides should cease to swarm. There is room enough 
in the old hive. Our half-tilled fields claim our best efforts ; and 
Vermont boys never can better repay the care of 'their mother 
than by making her acres a literal garden. 

But it is urged that this once honored calling has lately fallen 
into discredit among us ; that it is not dignified as it once was. 
Such prejudice does no dishonor to the vocation itself, but rather 
to him who cherishes it. Why ! in order that a single grain of 
wheat may be matured, that its constituent elements, its starch, 
and gluten, and sugar, may he perfected, God keeps this ponder- 
ous earth in motion, wheeling along the ecliptic at the rate of 
sixty-eight thousand miles per hour. But somehow our young 
men think they want no interest in the operation. It has not dig- 
nity enough! They are averse to farming. They regard it as an 
inferior, a subordinate employment. It is only so, as a corner- 
stone is subordinate in a building. It is only so, as all things 
else depend upon it. It is the foundation — all the rest is super- 
struction. Not a dignified calling ':' Jackson, Calhoun, Clay, 
and greater than all, Webster, recreated their gifted natures in the 
sweets of rural life. What a touching picture is that of Webster, 
at Marshfield, who, upon his deathbed, had his splendid cattle 
driven past his window, that he might take a parting look into 
their great eyes, and kind, honest faces ! 

There is a close relationship between the earth and man. Man 
was fashioned out of it. He is composed of exactly the same 
materials as the solid globe on which he dwells. Contact with 
earth seems to renew his manhood. There is always a grain of 
truth to be found in the old mythologies. You remember the fable 
of Antams contending with Hercules. Whenever Antaeus was 
nearly suffocated in the iron grasp of his antagonist, if he but 
touched the earth, his strength was restored. It is ever so with 



17 

man and nature. And true as it is in a physical sense, it is still 
truer in a moral. Whether it be true that nature loves to make 
return to those that love her, or whether it be true that the em- 
ployment of her devotees has in it less of temptation, it is the 
fact, that he who weds her is strengthened by her. 

The salutary influence which a fondness for rural life exerts 
upon the English is very noticeable. It has stamped itself upon 
their national character. There is perhaps no completer type of 
dignified manhood than the English gentleman. This, Washing- 
ton Irving attributes to his fondness for rural life. It gives a 
healthful tone to mind and spirit, that neither the dissipations of 
the town nor the excitements of political life can wholly neutralize 
or pervert. It brings man face to face with nature. It gives 
opportunity, nay, creates necessity, for self contemplation, for 
manly independence of thought, and subjects one to the operation 
of the purest and most ennoblteg external influences. Rural life 
is entirely free from the excitement and dissipation incident to 
traffic and commerce, the influence of which is almost always to 
lower the moral tone of those who engage in them. The ten- 
dency of agricultural pursuits is toward simplicity and purity in 
social, and democracy in civil life. The distinction of classes is 
less inexorably recognized in rural than in suburban populations. 
In another sense than the poet intended, 

" One touch of nature makes the whole world kin." 
The character of a nation is determined by its rural population. 
We are apt to think otherwise. The favored few indeed enjoy in 
the city superior facilities— attain a more refined, oftentimes a 
higher, culture ; but the unfavored many fall far below the aver- 
age. Our larger cities are fearful illustrations of this truth. It 
is therefore upon the country people of a nation like ours that the 
national government must rely. Among them is the strongest 
spirit of nationality and the readiest submission to just laws. If, 



18 



during the recent rebellion, our population had been mainly gath- 
ered in large cities, the result might have been far different. In 
our cities were found the largest number of rebel sympathizers. 
It has been said, that if at the time of the revolution, we had had 
as many large cities as now, it is doubtful whether Independence 
ever had been declared. The tories of the revolution were not 
to be found among the sturdy yeomanry of the land. 

History teaches us that there is no stability to that government 
which does not rest upon the rural population. Traffic tends to 
make men material. The poet has said : 

" That trade's proud empire hastes to swift decay, 
As ocean sweeps the labored mole away." 

The decline of the great Roman Empire dates from the time when 
the patricians and nobles had acquired large estates in the prov- 
inces ; when Italian soil was neglected by those born upon it, and 
the peasant became the mere menial employed about the villas 
and in the gardens of the great. That nation is doomed which 
is deserted by the genius of agriculture. In their palmiest days, 
it is said that Carthage and Alexandria set in motion fifty plows 
to a single keel. The poet Goldsmith had studied Roman history 
to good purpose, else he had never written the oft-quoted lines : 

" Princes and kings may flourish or may fade, 
A breath can make them, as a breath has made ; 
But a bold yeomanry, their country's pride, 
When once destroyed, can never be supplied." 

This strong natural affinity between man and mother Earth, of 
which I have spoken, there is not a man among us but experi- 
ences. Through all the sharp strife of our life-struggle, in our 
competition for the world's honor, for riches, for fame, there are 
always twilight pauses — breathing times — when we look longingly 
to the day in which, all our distinctions won, and worn, and laid 
aside, we may escape to some rural retreat beneath clustering 
maples or graceful elms among our native hills. Who of us all 



19 

that has thus occupied himself with other pursuits, has not, with 
the poet, sighed for the time again 

" When the reapers at morn 
Came down from the hill, at the sound of the horn, 
Or when dragging the rake he followed them out 
While they tossed the light sheaves with their laughter about ; 
Through the fields, with boy-daring, barefooted we ran 
Where the stubble foreshadowed the path of the man." 

In spite of our very selves we are drawn back to those boyhood 
days, " when in the rude dusky barn we tumbled on the odorous 
hay, or watched the sunlight struggling through crevices in 
the roof, or the swallow-hole in the gable ; where the shadow 
and sunlight strove together, making it both solemn and cheerful." 
We Americans are said to be a self-conceited race ; and we 
must confess that the charge is at least as true of us as of other 
nations. We attribute the rapid growth and prosperity of our 
young republic somewhat to the genius of our free institutions, 
somewhat to the superiority of our original stock. We need to 
be reminded that much of it is also due to physical causes. The 
God of nations planted us amid conditions essential to our growth 
and development as a great people. Had our territory been land- 
locked, instead of opening to us an area bounded only by the 
great oceans that kneel begging at our feet for our commerce ; had 
we been surrounded by powerful governments hostile to our free 
institutions, we might, ere this, have fulfilled the prognostications 
of monarchs and monarchies, and gone to wreck, as did the repub- 
lics of the old world, while we were yet undeveloped and in our 
youth. It was our territorial oneness and isolation that protected 
us in the late rebellion. We must remain one and alone. This 
was the decree of Him who has appointed the nations their hab- 
itations upon the face of the earth. I would not underrate the 
original character and energy of the American people. I am not 
unmindful of that sturdy, indomitable, granitic, puritan element 
which has come down to us and courses like iron in our veins. 



20 

But under less auspicious, physical conditions, this would have 
proved far less efficient. 

Humboldt has said that our facility for internal communication, 
our extensive and unparalleled river systems, is the life-giving 
element which is big with future consequences ; that it holds us 
and must continue to hold us together by community of interest. 
The valley of the Mississippi, the Father of Waters, which 
branches backward to its original sources, like a great tree bear- 
ing fruit for the nations, could not be cut off from the ocean. It 
was ordained by Him " who stretcheth out the north over the 
empty places, and hangeth the earth upon nothing," when he- 
modelled the outline of the continent, that its ultimate inhabitants 
should constitute a nation, one and undivided. If it be true, as 
an intelligent German writer has said, that Europe has held the 
sceptre of the old world because of the superiority in internal and 
external commercial facilities afforded by her indented coasts, 
peninsulas, bays, seas, and interior river systems, what may we 
not predict for America, with natural advantages far more remark- 
able ? We often hear men talk of the striking assimilative power 
of the Anglo-American races. But the unparalleled assimilation 
of distinct races here is in no small degree the result of physical 
causes. 

But these special advantages carry with them the burden 
of special responsibility. One of the dangers is, that our own 
people — planted upon a continent with such facilities for locomo- 
tion — a continent whose every side is washed by great oceans, and 
across which there is now an iron pathway for travel and trans- 
portation ; so that " deep calleth unto deep," and the Atlantic 
answers to the Pacific as each lifts up the voice of it waters : 
one of the dangers is, that our own people shall grow too restless 
for the sober, monotonous pursuits of agricultural life. Our 
young men are tempted from the farm to engage in the more ex- 



21 

citing and enterprising pursuits of traffic and commerce, foreign 
and domestic, while the deserted lands are falling into the pos- 
session of the alien-born, whose blood leaps less hotly in his veins. 
I believe that history teaches this uniform lesson, that the tillers 
of the soil ultimately become the owners of the soil ; and also this 
lesson, that the owners of the soil ultimately become the rulers of 
the nation. 

This continent was kept veiled in its virgin obscurity until the 
fifteenth century, that the experience of the past might demon- 
strate the weakness of the old order of things, so that its settlers 
might come hither and build up a new system adapted to a new 
continent ; a great political fabric which should be for the " shel- 
ter of the nations ;" a very Bethesda, where they might be healed 
of their longtime civil and political maladies. Our fathers began 
the work well, laid the corner-stone of empire in prayer and tears 
and blood. Their children have entered into their labors in a 
kindred spirit. The existing order of things is a natural outgrowth 
of our past. The recent struggle has broken the bands in which the 
young giant found himself bound, and now he goes forth, chastened 
but strong, to meet his future. "We can read our perils in the his- 
tory of the past. The ghosts of past nations visit us, as Hamlet's 
father came back to his son, to tell us how they died. Through 
ambition, pride, luxury, and political corruption, they per- 
ished. Extended territory does not make a great nation, neither 
does wealth itself. Montesquieu says, that " even the yield of land 
depends less upon the fertility of the soil than upon the intelli- 
gence and freedom of its inhabitants." Nor do wars necessarily 
destroy nations. Schiller says " that the thirty years war made 
Germany a nation." Plutarch says that the civil wars which were 
waged by Alexander introduced the civility, the language, and the 
arts of Greece into the savage East ; introduced marriage ; built 
seven cities, and united hostile nations under one government. 



22 

Emerson says, " the frosts that kill the harvests of a year save the 
harvests of a century, by destroying the weevil and the locust." 
Wars break up the old order of things and open a fair field for 
what is new. The god of arms does, indeed, insist upon personal 
sacrifices, and the sacrifice of property and of life. But what he 
takes from individuals and families, he gives back to the life of the 
State. The best generation of men this century has produced, 
were developed by the urgencies of the revolutionary period ; and 
it will doubtless be found that many of our future law-makers 
and defenders of our institutions had their training during the 
period of the rebellion. 

Liberty, founded on Christian morals, interpreted by intelligence, 
regulated by law, stimulated and protected by favorable physical 
conditions, is the secret of our American success and progress. 
We have the collected experience of the centuries to guide ua ; 
the example of the fathers to inspire us ; their God to protect and 
guide us ; our children and children's children to rise up and call 
us blessed. Let us never forget that we can not be defended by 
a population which has been degraded and oppressed, even by 
law. No restraints are to be put upon intelligent freemen, but what 
are essential to the security of society. Each citizen must feel 
that he is a unit in the grand sum total of national existence ; that 
he has political value and consequence. This will make him fit 
to exercise a freeman's prerogative ; will foster the feeling of 
personal responsibility. 

De Tocqueville says: "Men are not corrupted by the exercise 
of power, nor debased by submission ; but by the exercise of a 
power they think illegal, and submission to a rule they think 
oppressive." 

If we are true to the guardianship of the individual citizen, he 
will always prove true to us ; in peace, he will be our pride ; in 
war, our defence. Then will be realized that vision, seen afar off 



23 

by a great orator and statesman, who yet died without the sight, 
and which he thus apostrophizes: "Happy and free, empress- 
mother of States, who watchest the rights and fame of all ; and 
reposing secure and serene among the mountain summits of thy 
freedom, holdest in one hand the fair olive-branch of peace, and 
in the other the thunder-bolt and meteor-flag of reluctant and 
rightful war. There mayest thou sit forever, the star of Union 
upon thy brow, the rock of independence beneath thy feet !" 



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